Food Samples Research Articles

Computational study of the performance of a solar dryer for improvement in the shelf life of the food materials.

In this study, the thermal and drying characteristics of a thin layer food sample were investigated. An indirect type, simple, efficient, and economically feasible solar dryer was fabricated and used for food preservation. However, a dynamic model of a fabricated solar dryer was also presented to gain a better insight into the drying and thermal actions. This model consists of thermal modeling of the drying chamber, solar collector, and solar-dried food sample. The law of conservation of energy was applied to evaluate the temperature at different sections of the solar dryer with respect to drying time. All listed model equations were solved in the MATLAB environment. This study helps to examine the influence of solar radiation on the collector plate temperature, drying chamber temperature, food sample temperature, and performance parameters such as thermal efficiency with respect to drying time. Model data was found in good agreement with experimental data within a 4% error. It is concluded that the drying of food material is affected by air temperature, the collector temperature, mode of heat transfer, and material characteristics such as dimension and mass of the food sample.

Development of an innovative colorimetric optical sensor for the detection of silver ions in environmental and biological samples

ABSTRACT A recently developed optical chemical sensor for silver assessment relies on polymer inclusion membranes (PIM) and avoids the use of plasticisers. This innovative optical sensor is constructed through a physical immobilisation process known as the encapsulation technique, resulting in an optical chemical membrane. The suggested PIM integrates 2-(2`-hydroxynaphthylazo)benzo-thiazole (HNABT) was used as a colorimetric reagent, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) as the foundational polymer, and dinonyl naphthalene sulphonic acid (DNNS) as an extractant. The created PIM demonstrates heightened responsiveness within the described approach, credited to the sensor membrane, in contrast to the optical sensor without PIM. The achieved results demonstrated that the sensor response was based on some factors such as plasticiser, film thickness, stirring effect, HNABT concentration, DNNS concentration and pH of the aqueous solution. Within the measurement range spanning from 7.5 to 250 ng mL−1 of Ag+ at pH 7.75, the absorbance response exhibits a notable correlation, achieving detection and quantification limits of 2.3 and 7.3 ng mL−1, respectively. The λmax for the PIM-based sensor registers at 577 nm. Additionally, the reproducibility and repeatability of the system are characterised by RSD of 2.25% and 1.13%, respectively, with a swift response time of approximately 3.0 min. The optode membrane’s selectivity is scrutinised in pH-buffered solutions concerning Ag+ ions. The proposed sensor is effectively applied for Ag+ assessment in food, water, environmental, and biological samples. The obtained results are corroborated by the FAAS procedure.

Antibiotic resistance of Bacillus species isolated in foodstuff samples that were collected in Babylon (Iraq)

A total of 164 food samples were collected from various supermarkets and farmers in various areas of Babylon, were placed in plastic containers, and were transported to the laboratory. The isolation of Bacillus species was performed by culture in blood agar, chromogenic agar, and the absence of growth on McConkey agar, by staining with Gram stain, and through molecular identification of the species’ 16SrRNA gene and sequencing. The antibiotic susceptibility test used eight types of antibiotics. The undertaken sequencing identified the Bacillus isolates to belong to the follow¬ing species: B. subtilis (2), B. cereus (6), B. thuringiensis (1), B. anthracis (1), and B. spizizenii (1). The susceptibility test of the six B. cereus isolates revealed that 5 (83.3%), 4 (66.6%), 3 (50%), 2 (33.3%), 2 (33.3%), 2 (33.3%), 1 (16.6%), and 0 (0%) were resistant to rifampicin, clindamycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim, nitrofurantoin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin, while the respective resistance numbers for the two isolates of B. subtilis were 2 (100%), 2 (100%), 2 (100%), 0 (0%), 1 (50%), 0 (0%), 0 (0%), and 0 (0%). One isolate of B. thuringiensis presented resistance to erythromycin, erythromycin, trimethoprim, and rifampicin, while one isolate of B. anthracis was found to be resistant to gentamicin, erythromycin, nitrofurantoin, and rifampicin. The B. spizizenii isolate was resistant to all antibiotics except gentamicin and trimethoprim.

Accelerated Activity-Based Sensing by Fluorogenic Reporter Engineering Enables to Rapidly Determine Unstable Analyte.

Accurate detection of labile analytes through activity based fluorogenic sensing is meaningful but remains a challenge because of nonrapid reaction kinetic. Herein, we present a signaling reporter engineering strategy to accelerate azoreduction reaction by positively charged fluorophore promoted unstable anion recognition for rapidly sensing sodium dithionite (Na2S2O4), a kind of widespread used but harmful inorganic reducing agent. Its quick decomposition often impedes application reliability of traditional fluorogenic probes in real samples because of their slow responses. In this work, four azo-based probes with different charged fluorophores (positive, zwitterionic, neutral, and negative) were synthesized and compared. Among of them, with sequestration effect of positively charged anthocyanin fluorophore for dithionite anion via electrostatic attraction, the cationic probe Azo-Pos displayed ultrafast fluorogenic response (∼2 s) with the fastest response kinetic (kpos' = 0.373 s-1) that is better than other charged ones (kzwi' = 0.031 s-1, kneu' = 0.013 s-1, kneg' = 0.003 s-1). Azo-Pos was demonstrated to be capable to directly detect labile Na2S2O4 in food samples and visualize the presence of Na2S2O4 in living systems in a timely fashion. This new probe has potential as a robust tool to fluorescently monitor excessive food additives and biological invasion of harmful Na2S2O4. Moreover, our proposed accelerating strategy would be versatile to develop more activity-based sensing probes for quickly detecting other unstable analytes of interest.

Development and evaluation of a modified most probable number (MPN) method for enumerating rifampicin‐resistant Escherichia coli in agricultural, food, and environmental samples

AbstractLow level of rifampicin‐resistant E. coli is frequently used in food safety research as a model microorganism and is typically enumerated using traditional Most Probable Number (MPN) method. To simplify the process, we developed and validated a modified MPN method based on lactose peptone broth (LPB) containing rifampicin and bromocresol purple, the broth changes to a yellow color due to pH shifts induced by lactose fermentation from E. coli. E. coli TVS353 were prepared in following suspensions including healthy cells, injured cells, competitive bacteria with or without rifampicin resistance, and unknown natural microflora. E. coli TVS353 was quantified by traditional MPN method and our improved method. At a predicted level of 1 log CFU/mL, there was no significant difference in the MPN index of LPBR compared with TSB and TSBR in these suspensions (p > 0.05). Confirmation results generated from this new color change MPN method were analogous to traditional MPN methods.

Natural Polymer Encapsulated Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-12 Composite toward Electrochemical Sensing of Antitumor Agent.

Encapsulation of natural polymer pectin (Pec) into a zeolitic imidazolate framework-12 (ZIF-12) matrix via a simple chemical method toward anticancer agent gallic acid (GA) detection is reported in this work. GA, a natural phenol found in many food sources, has gained attention by its biological effects on the human body, such as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately and rapidly determine the GA level in humans. The encapsulation of Pec inside the ZIF-12 has been successfully confirmed from the physiochemical studies such as XRD, Raman, FTIR, and XPS spectroscopy along with morphological FESEM, BET, and HRTEM characterization. Under optimized conditions, the Pec@ZIF-12 composite exhibits wide linear range of 20 nM-250 μM with a detection limit of 2.2 nM; also, it showed excellent selectivity, stability, and reproducibility. Furthermore, the real sample analysis of food samples including tea, coffee, grape, and pomegranate samples shows exceptional recovery percentage in an unspiked manner. So far, there is little literature for encapsulating proteins, enzymes, metals, etc., that have been reported; here, we successfully encapsulated a natural polymer Pec inside the ZIF-12 cage. This encapsulation significantly enhanced the composite electrochemical performance, which could be seen from the overall results. All of these strongly suggest that the proposed Pec@ZIF-12 composite could be used for miniaturized device fabrication for the evaluation of GA in both home and industrial applications.

A Non‐Enzymatic Electrochemical Sensor Based on Cerium Oxide Nanocubes for the Rapid Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide Residues in Food Samples†

The rapid and simple detection methods of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) residues is highly required for food safety. Herein, an electrochemical H2O2 sensor is developed with cerium oxide nanocubes as highly active non‐enzymatic catalyst. Combined with carbon black to improve conductivity, the disposable sensor can determine H2O2 in the range from 100 to 100 μM with a limit of detection (LOD) of 100 nM. This sensor also shows good selectivity and reproducibility, which is enabled to detect H2O2 in real food samples without any pretreatment in 100 s, providing a new solution for the direct quantitative measurement of H2O2 residues for food safety. © 2024 Institute of Electrical Engineer of Japan and Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Antibiotic-resistant Pattern of Isolated Bacteria from Selected Foods Sold at the Street Side Stalls and Restaurants of Tangail Municipality, Bangladesh

Objectives:: The goal of this investigation was to determine the microbial load with special emphasis on total viable count (TVC), total coliform count (TCC), total E. coli (TE.cC), and Staphylococcus spp. counts (TSC) in food samples collected from selected areas of Tangail municipality, Bangladesh. Methods:: An intensive study was carried out from December 2021 to March 2022 in the Tangail district of Bangladesh for investigation. A total of 5 types of food samples (15 from street side stalls and 15 from the selected restaurants; n= 30) were collected with a semi-structured-based questionnaire and tested by using different standard microbiological methods. Biochemical and antibiogram tests were performed to confirm the bacterial isolates and antibiotic-resistant patterns Results:: The results revealed that the values of TVC, TCC, TE.cC and TSC were found in the range of 2.5 ×106 - 8.9 ×108, 2.5×105 - 7.1×107, 1.9×103 - 5.6×105 and 5.0×105 - 4.6×106 CFU/ml in street vended foods and 5.5 ×105 - 9.5 ×106, 4.3×104 - 7.1×105, 0 to 3.9×104 and 3.1×104 - 6.6×105 CFU/ml in restaurant foods. The E. coli isolates displayed the highest resistance rates to amoxicillin (80%), whereas Staphylococcus spp. showed 90% resistance to ampicillin. Conclusion:: From the interview and observational assessment, it was found that the food service system was not well managed, and there was a lack of hygiene practices. Thus, the study identified the foods from selected areas as carriers of food-borne pathogens.

A Ce2MgMoO6 Double Perovskite Decorated on a Functionalized Carbon Nanofiber Nanocomposite for Quantification of Ciprofloxacin in Milk and Honey samples: Density Functional Theory Interpretation.

In this study, a novel Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs (cerium magnesium molybdite double perovskites decorated on carbon nanofibers) nanocomposite was developed for selective and ultra-sensitive detection of ciprofloxacin (CFX). Physical characterization and analytical techniques were used to explore the morphology, structure, and electrocatalytic characteristics of the Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs nanocomposite. The sensor has a wide linear range (0.005 to 7.71 μM and 9.75 to 77.71 μM), a low limit of detection (0.012 μM), high sensitivity (0.807 μA μM-1 cm-2 nM), remarkable repeatability, and an appreciable storage stability. Here, we used density functional theory to investigate CFX and oxidized CFX as well as the locations of the energy levels and electron transfer sites. Furthermore, the Ce2MgMoO6/CNFs-modified electrode was successfully tested in food samples (milk and honey), indicating an acceptable response with a recovery percentage and relative standard deviation of less than 4%, which is comparable to that of GC-MS. Finally, the developed sensor exhibited high selectivity and stability for CFX detection.

A Facile Nanozyme-based Colorimetric Method to Realize the Quantitative and Specific Detection of Casein Phosphopeptides in Food Samples

A Facile Nanozyme-based Colorimetric Method to Realize the Quantitative and Specific Detection of Casein Phosphopeptides in Food Samples

A novel fluorescence platform for specific detection of tetracycline antibiotics based on [MQDA-Eu3+] system.

Tetracycline antibiotics (TCs) are extensively used in clinical medicine, animal husbandry, and aquaculture because of their cost-effectiveness and high antibacterial efficacy. However, the presence of TCs residues in the environment poses risks to humans. In this study, an inner filter effect (IFE) fluorescent probe, 2,2'-(ethane-1,2-diylbis((2-((2-methylquinolin-8-yl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)azanediyl))diacetic acid (MQDA), was developed for the rapid detection of Eu3+ within 30 s. And its complex [MQDA-Eu3+] was successfully used for the detection of TCs. Upon coordination of a carboxyl of MQDA with Eu3+ to form a [MQDA-Eu3+] complex, the carboxyl served as an antenna ligand for the effective detection of Eu3+ to intensify the emission intensity of MQDA via "antenna effect", the process was the energy absorbed by TCs via UV excitation was effectively transferred to Eu3+. Fluorescence quenching of the [MQDA-Eu3+] complex was caused by the IFE in multicolor fluorescence systems. The limits of detection of [MQDA-Eu3+] for oxytetracycline, chlorotetracycline hydrochloride, and tetracycline were 0.80, 0.93, and 1.7 μM in DMSO/HEPES (7:3, v/v, pH = 7.0), respectively. [MQDA-Eu3+] demonstrated sensitive detection of TCs in environmental and food samples with satisfactory recoveries and exhibited excellent imaging capabilities for TCs in living cells and zebrafish with low cytotoxicity. The proposed approach demonstrated considerable potential for the quantitative detection of TCs.

A novel self-enhanced ECL-RET aptasensor based on the bimetallic MOFs with homogeneous catalytic sites for kanamycin detection

The inappropriate use of antibiotics undoubtedly poses a potential threat to public health, creating an increasing need to develop highly sensitive tests. In this study, we designed a new type of porphyrin metal-organic frameworks (Fe TCPP(Zn) MOFs) with homogeneous catalytic sites. The ferric-based metal ligands of Fe TCPP(Zn) MOFs acted as co-reaction accelerators, which effectively improved the conversion efficiency of H2O2 on the surface of MOFs, then increased the concentration of •OH surrounding porphyrin molecules to achieve self-enhanced electrochemiluminescence (ECL). Based on this, an aptasensor for the specific detection of kanamycin (KAN) in food and environmental water samples was constructed in combination with resonance energy transform (RET), in which Fe TCPP(Zn) MOFs were used as luminescence donor and AuNPs were used as acceptor. Under the best conditions, there was a good linear relationship between the ECL intensity and the logarithm of KAN concentration with a detection limit of 0.28 fM in the range of 1.0 × 10−7–1.0 × 10−13 M, demonstrating satisfactory selectivity and stability. At the same time, the complexity of the detection environment was reduced, which further realized the reliable analysis of KAN in milk, honey and pond water. Overall, this innovative self-enhanced ECL strategy provides a novel approach for constructing efficient ECL systems in MOFs, and also extends the application of MOFs to the analysis and detection of trace antibiotics in food and the environment.

Supramolecular solvent-based liquid–liquid microextraction (SUPRAS-LLME) of Sudan dyes from food and water samples with HPLC

Supramolecular solvent-based liquid–liquid microextraction (SUPRAS-LLME) of Sudan dyes from food and water samples with HPLC

Screening and identification of an aflatoxin B1-degrading strain from the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and biodegradation products analysis

This research aimed to address the issue of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination, which posed severe health and economic consequences. This study involved exploring unique species resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, screening strains capable of degrading AFB1. UPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS and NMR were employed to examine the degradation process and identify the structure of the degradation products. Results showed that Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YUAD7, isolated from yak dung in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, removed 91.7% of AFB1 from TSB-AFB1 medium with an AFB1 concentration of 10 μg/mL (72 h, 37°C, pH 6.8) and over 85% of AFB1 from real food samples at 10 μg/g (72 h, 37°C), exhibiting strong AFB1 degradation activity. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens YUAD7’s extracellular secretions played a major role in AFB1 degradation mediated and could still degrade AFB1 by 43.16% after boiling for 20 min. Moreover, B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 demonstrated the capability to decompose AFB1 through processes such as hydrogenation, enzyme modification, and the elimination of the -CO group, resulting in the formation of smaller non-toxic molecules. Identified products include C12H14O4, C5H12N2O2, C10H14O2, C4H12N2O, with a structure consisting of dimethoxyphenyl and enoic acid, dimethyl-amino and ethyl carbamate, polyunsaturated fatty acid, and aminomethyl. The results indicated that B. amyloliquefaciens YUAD7 could be a potentially valuable strain for industrial-scale biodegradation of AFB1 and providing technical support and new perspectives for research on biodegradation products.

An Embedded Machine Learning-Based Spoiled Leftover Food Detection Device for Multiclass Classification

Food waste’s negative environmental repercussions are causing it to become a global concern. Several studies have examined thefactors influencing food waste behaviour and management. This work was motivated by the lack of previous research on machinelearning and electronic noses to detect contamination from leftover cooked food. This work proposes using machine learning algorithms and electronic nose technology to recognise and forecast the contamination in leftover cooked food. After five days of storage, the freshness of cooked leftovers was evaluated using an electronic nose combined with machine learning algorithms. Most food samples used in this work were from Malaysian’s leftover lunch and dinner dishes. Four (4) gas sensors—MQ-2, MQ-136, MQ-137, and MQ-138—are used in developing the electronic nose to identify the presence of gas in the food sample. The data from the gas sensors was analysed using machine learning methods, namely Random Forest, k-nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machine, and Linear Discriminant Analysis. Based on the results, a multi-classification technique yielded a greater accuracy rate in classifying and identifying the level of contamination in the cooked food leftovers, with average accuracy ranging from 90 percent to 100 percent. In conclusion, the work demonstrates a novel method for using machine learning algorithms to classify, identify, and predict the contamination level of leftover cooked food, contributing to reducing food waste generated primarily by Malaysians.

Role of Silica, Carbon, and ZnO Nanomaterials in the Fabrication of Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Water Contaminants and Food Dye

AbstractSilica‐based nanomaterials have attracted huge attention for maximizing their safety and efficacy due to their nontoxicity, chemical and thermal stability, size tunability, and versatile functionality. Nanosilica with ZnO or carbon in a composite has excellent usage as an electrochemical sensor. Recent technological progression in nanotechnology and nanoscience has seen a number of applications of zinc oxide (ZnO) nanomaterials ranging from electronics, and sensing to environmental, and biomedical applications because of its various applications, multifunction, high specific surface area, stability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, electrochemical activities, and so on. Carbon also has various advantageous properties like renewability, low ohmic resistance, and very stable response due to which carbon paste electrodes have attracted attention in the fabrication of electrochemical sensors. Electrochemical sensors are inexpensive, portable, and have excellent ability in detecting water contaminants, pesticides, disinfectants, pathogens, and different molecules. Artificial dyes are usually mixed with vegetable sauces, drinks, and other food items, which can cause cancer in human body. Voltametric methods with electrochemical sensors can be used to detect them in food samples. In this review, the present applications of ZnO and carbon nanomaterial‐based chemical sensors are meticulously studied to detect water contaminants and food dyes where nanosilica plays an important role as a sensor modifier.

Electrocatalytic sensing of propyl gallate in real-time food samples using a synergistic Sm-MOF@GCN composite modified glassy carbon electrode

A novel electrochemical sensor has been developed using the sonochemically synthesized samarium metal–organic framework (Sm-MOF) and the graphitic carbon nitride (GCN) composite for the selective determination of propyl gallate (PG). The as-synthesized Sm-MOF@GCN composite was characterized by XRD, XPS, and FESEM. The morphological studies of the prepared Sm-MOF@GCN composite revealed the bar-shaped Sm-MOF and porous sheet-like morphology of GCN. The combined effect of the Sm-MOF and GCN enhance the current density response and lowers the oxidation potential, which was beneficial for the electrochemical sensing of PG. Moreover, the high electrochemical active surface area (EASA) (0.0649 cm2) and the rate constant value (Ko) of 1.44x10-5 cm s−1 confirm the faster electron transfer kinetics at the interface of Sm-MOF@GCN composite. However, the developed Sm-MOF@GCN composite possesses linear range from 0.02 to 60 µM with a nanomolar detection level (2.05 nM), high sensitivity (0.1914 μA μM−1 cm−2), excellent reproducibility, repeatability, and stability for up to 30 days towards the PG detection. Finally, the Sm-MOF@GCN composite-modified electrocatalyst was utilized for the quantification of PG in foodstuffs such as instant noodles, cookies, cakes, and oils. The result of the study, the Sm-MOF@GCN composite displayed good recovery results, making it a promising candidate for detecting PG in real-world samples in view of its binder-free approach and facile fabrication process.

Integrated molybdenum single atom array sensors with multichannels for nitrite detection in foods

Nitrite (NO2−) is present in a variety of foods, but the excessive intake of NO2− can indirectly lead to carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenicity and other risks to the human body. Therefore, the detection of NO2− is crucial for maintaining human health. In this study, an integrated array sensor for NO2− detection is developed based on molybdenum single atom material (IMSMo-SAC) using high-resolution electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing technology. The sensor comprises three components: a printed electrode array, multichannels designed on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and an electronic signal process device with bluetooth. By utilizing Mo-SAC to facilitate electron transfer during the redox reaction, rapid and efficient detection of NO2− can be achieved. The sensor has a wide linear range of 0.1 μM–107.8 mM, a low detection limit of 33 nM and a high sensitivity of 0.637 mA−1mM−1 cm−2. Furthermore, employing this portable array sensor allows simultaneously measurements of NO2− concentrations in six different foods samples with acceptable recovery rates. This array sensor holds great potential for detecting of small molecules in various fields.

Detection and antibiogram of bacterial contaminants in some commonly consumed indigenous street vended foods in Kasua Central Market in Kaduna North, Kaduna State, Nigeria

Some indigenous ready-to-eat foods, due to its affordability and availability serve as a major alternative to restaurants and high profiled eateries in developing countries. The hygiene standard of these foods is a critical point that needs to be considered due to microbial contamination by potential pathogens. A triplicate of three different food samples: Fura, Nunu, and Tuwo were collected and analysed to determine their microbiological safety. Bacterial isolates were identified using standard methods while antibiotic sensitivity test and multiple drug resistance pattern were carried out. The isolated bacteria: Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella 100yphi, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter sp. While fungal isolates include: Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizopus. oryzae and Penicillium sp. Salmonella sp. was observed to be resistant to 70% of the antibiotics while both Klebsiella sp. And Enterobacter sp. exhibited resistance to 60% of the tested antibiotics. S. aureus had the least resistance to about 30% of the tested Gram-positive antibiotics. Out of all the tested antibiotics, only Tarivid was observed to be effective against all the Gram-negative bacterial isolates, while Reflacine and Ciprofloxacine were effective against 80% of them. The presence of coliform bacteria in the sampled foods raise a great concern about the safety of the street vended foods in the sampled region in Nigeria. The microbiologically low quality of the vended ready-to-eat foods assayed in this study might have resulted from a relatively low level of hygiene observed by the vendors, as well as absence of regulatory body or hygiene codes to guide the street food vendors. From the results of this study, efforts should be intensified by all concerned to make sure that the safety of people remains paramount in the ways the vended foods are produced and distributed.

A homogenous electrochemical biosensor for ultrasensitive ofloxacin detection based on AuNPs-enhanced synergistic amplification of enzymes

Antibiotic residue in food is still a serious health hazard to human with the various and severe adverse effects, so ultrasensitive detection of antibiotic residue becomes increasingly significant. Herein, a homogenous electrochemical biosensor is established for ultrasensitive detection of antibiotic ofloxacin (OFL) based on AuNPs-enhanced synergistic amplification of dual enzymes. Target OFL is ingeniously designed to initiate the synergistic effect of exonuclease III-catalyzed DNA cycle and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated polymerization, producing a great many polyA@AuNPs which subsequently adsorb onto the surface of gold electrode and finally lead to highly amplified electrochemical signal by binding with numerous electroactive indicator RuHex. Benefiting from the collaboratively multiple signal amplifications enhanced by AuNPs with good electrical conductivity and probe loading capacity, the constructed biosensor exhibits excellent quantitative detection performance for OFL with a linear range of 0.008 to 100 ng mL−1 and a limit of detection as low as 2.73 pg mL−1. Furthermore, the detection system accomplished in homogeneous solution without complex chemical modification and rebuilding of sensing architectures on the electrode endows the biosensor with the advantages of convenient operation, good reproducibility and stability. Moreover, the biosensor shows satisfactory analytical performance for OFL detection in real food samples, providing a potential approach for practical application.